Romania

Geography

Economics

Demographics

Military

Politics

Surface

Surface (in square kilometers)

Surface (in square miles)

Surface (water)

Water Surface (in square kilometers)

Water Surface (in square miles)

Share of water (%)

Temperature

Average temperature (in Celcius)

Average temperature (in Farenheit)

Average high temperature (in Celcius)

Average high temperature (in Farenheit)

Average low temperature (in Celcius)

Average low temperature (in Farenheit)

Rainfall

Average rainfall (mm)

Average rainfall (inch)

Distance to other capitals (kilometers)

Distance to other capitals (miles)

Proximity

Economic organizations

Gross Domestic Product (US$)

Gross Domestic Product per capita

Amount of memberships (economic organizations)

Absolute earnings for every 1$

Relative earnings

GDP in PPP per capita (in US$)

GDP in PPP per capita

Gross Domestic product (in million US$)

GDP per capita (in US$)

Surface GDP

GDP per square kilometer (in US$)

GDP per square mile(in US$)

Relative GDP in PPP

Population

Population density

Emigration

Immigration

Literacy

Health

Population density (in km2)

Population density (in mi2)

Religion

Christianity (share of the total population)

Islam (share of the total population)

Buddhism (share of the total population)

Hinduism (share of the total population)

Judaism (share of the total population)

Other religions (share of the total population)

Non-religious (share of the total population)

Military spending (in % of GDP)

Military spending

In total, Romania spends US$4.9 billion on its military, or 1.98 percent of its GDP. This makes Romania the 39th highest military spender in the world and represents 0.25 percent of total global military expenditure.

The military of Romania, called the Romanian Armed Forces, consist of a land force, a Navy and an air force. At the start of the 21st century, Romania abolished conscription and has started to create a professional army with the help of NATO.

Military membership

Romania is also a member of 12 international military organizations. This makes it the 19th most militarily connected state in the world. It is a member of the following organizations:

Common Security and Defence Policy
Permanent Structured Cooperation
Member state of NATO
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Conference on Disarmament
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Wassenaar Arrangement
Nuclear Suppliers Group
Australia Group
International Atomic Energy Agency
NATO

Military membership

International wars

Romania has partaken in 8 international wars. These are:

Second Balkan War 1913-1913
World War I 1914-1918
Russian Civil War 1917-1911
Hungarian–Romanian war 1919-1919
Tatarbunary Uprising 1914-1914

World War II 1939-1945
Vietnam War 1955-1975
Libyan Civil War 2011-2011

Number of international wars fought

Military spending (in US$ million)

Membership (international political organizations)

In total, Romania is a member of 17 international political organizations. This makes it the 16th most connected state in the world. It is a member of the following organizations:

Member state of the United Nations
International Labour Organization
European Union
the Council of Europe
Central European Initiative
Energy Community
European Cooperation in Science and Technology
Union for the Mediterranean
International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
Member states of the Organization internationale de la Francophonie

Political Membership

Democracy/dictatorship rating

It is the 63rd most democratic state in the world. Despite making large strides to shed its authoritarian communist past, there are still challenges regarding civil rights as well as corruption.

Democracy/Dictatorship

The politics of Romania take place in the form of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic. The president is head of state which acts as the supreme leader of Romania and can serve two five-year terms.

Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy
UNIDROIT
International Criminal Court
Interpol
Permanent Court of Arbitration
Association of World Election Bodies
World Organization for Animal Health

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Known for its historical figures such as Count Dracula, Romania has had a long period of occupation. In its early history, the area was occupied by several Slavic and Germanic tribes. The area was later on colonized by the Romans, of which it derives its name. From the third century onwards, the area was conquered by several empires such as the Bulgarian Empire in the eighth century, as well as the Hungarian Empire in the 11th century. After the invasion of the Ottoman Empire, its southern part remained a part of the Ottoman Empire from the 16th century until the early 19th century when Russia took control over the area. At the end of the 19th century, Romania became a kingdom and grew in size from the losing factions after joining the allies during the first world war. At the end of the second world war, the area was taken over by the Soviet Union which ruled over Romania until its dissolution at the end of the 20th century. Since then, Romania has joined the European union and has had a large economic growth over the last two decades. .

Located in eastern Europe, the geography of Romania consists of a mountain range that follows a J shape through its center which is surrounded by lower hills followed by flat terrain. Its mountain ranges heavily forested while its low-lying hills as well as its flat terrain are covered by low-lying vegetation. In total, Romania borders five other states with Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast, the Black Sea to the east, Bulgaria to the south and Serbia and Hungary to the west.

It is the 81st largest state with a total surface area of 239.589 square kilometers or 92.506 square miles. This makes Romania slightly smaller than Laos and slightly larger than Ghana.

It has a total water surface area of 7.136 square kilometers or 2.714 square miles. This makes Romania the 60th largest state in the world.

Below, a graph is shown which displays the absolute amount of water of each state in square kilometers and square miles.

Most of the water in Romania comes from its many rivers as well as more than 3000 small lakes. Even though the water quality is relatively high in its mountainous area, its water treatment is below average which influences the quality of drinking water by every region.

The climate of Romania is a continental climate which has warm summers and cold winters. The average temperature is 8.6 degrees Celsius or 47 degrees Fahrenheit. This makes Romania the 166th warmest state in the world.

During its summer period, from June to September, the average high temperature is 13.5 degrees Celsius or 56 degrees Fahrenheit.

During its winter period, from December to January, the average low temperature is 4.6 degrees Celsius or 40.3 degrees Fahrenheit.

Rainfall in Romania is fairly evenly spread out with its mountainous area receiving two times as much as its coastal area. On average, Romania receives 62.8 centimetres or 24.7 inches of rainfall per year which ranks it as the 142nd highest in the world.

The capital of Romania, Bucharest, is home to approximately 2 million people. The closest capital is Sofia, Bulgaria, with a distance of 288 kilometers or 179 miles. The capital that is the furthest removed is Wellington, New Zealand, with a distance of 17.466 kilometers or 10.853 miles.

The economy of Romania has transformed itself from a communist economy at the end of the 20th century to a market-based economy at the start of the 21st century. Despite showing a steady growth, the economy contracted heavily during the financial crisis of 2008 which led Romania to seek financial assistance from the international monetary fund as well as the European union. Currently, the economy of Romania can be characterized as a developing economy. Most of its exported goods are electronics, vehicles and textiles which are mainly exported to Germany which is solely responsible for more than 20 percent of all exports. Most of its imports also comes from Germany which is also responsible for just over 20 percent of all imports.

Romania is a member of 16 international economic organizations. This makes it the 37th most connected state in the world. It is a member of the following organizations:

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Bank for International Settlements
Black Sea Trade and Development Bank
Council of Europe Development Bank
Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
International Monetary Fund
World Bank Group
World Customs Organization
World Trade Organization
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia
Energy Charter Treaty
Energy Community
Nuclear Energy Agency
International Renewable Energy Agency
International Solar Alliance

It has a GDP of US$240 billion, which makes it the 48th highest in the world and represents 0.287 percent of total global GDP.

Its GDP per surface area is the 68th highest in the world with US$1.002.404 per square kilometer or US$2.596.203 per square mile.

Its GDP per capita is the 61st highest in the world with US$12.344.

The absolute earnings (GDP per capita) reflect the average yearly income. The figure below shows how much, on average, an inhabitant of another state earns for every $1 earned by a citizen of this state.

Its purchasing power parity per capita is the 52nd highest in the world with US$28.813.

The relative Gross Domestic Product in Purchasing Power Parity compares the purchasing power of this state with that of the rest of the world. The graph on the left shows how much purchasing power of 1$ compared to the purchasing power of other states

With a total population of 19.5 million people, Romania is the 60th most populous state in the world. It is likely that this number will decline in the near future as the emigration increases due to its economic status. More than 85 percent of the population is ethnically Romanian which is also its official language. Other ethnic minorities in Romania are the Romany people, Hungarians and Moldovans.

It has the 101st highest population density in the world with 81 people per square kilometer or 210 people per square mile.

Emigration from Romania is represented by 3.6 million people, or 18.8 percent of the population. This makes Romania the 17th state with the highest amount of emigrants and represents 1.46 percent of total global emigration. The main reason for migration has been economic and since joining the European union, this number has increased significantly compared to pre-EU statistics. The largest recipient of Romanian migrants has been Italy which is solely responsible for nearly a third of all migrants.

Immigration to Romania is represented by 2.28 percent of the population, or nearly 450,000 people. This makes Romania the 66th largest recipient of migrants and represents 0.18 percent of total global emigration. The main reason for migration to Romania has been economic and mainly comes from states with a lower economic status.

Education is free and compulsory for children between the age of seven and 12 years. The current literacy rate in Romania is 98.5 percent which is the 51st highest in the world.

Healthcare in Romania is considered to be underdeveloped compared to other European states. This is mainly attributed to a lack of investment into its healthcare system. This has also led to a high share of deaths that are mainly attributed to a lack in adequate health as well as lifestyle choices which are mainly focused on alcohol and tobacco consumption. The average life expectancy is 76.52 years which is the 94th highest in the world. Women have an average life expectancy of 79.91 years, while men have an average life expectancy of 73.1 years.

Despite being a highly religious state, Romania does not have an official state religion.

With 83.1 percent of the population adhering to Christianity, Romania is the 36th most Christian state in the world. Its clergy is financed by the government and has grown significantly after its independence from communist rule. The largest denomination has been Eastern orthodoxy which represents more than 80 percent of all Christians.

Islam is represented by 0.4 percent of the population which makes Romania the 137th most Islamic state in the world. Despite having a long history of being occupied by the Ottoman Empire, the policy regarding religion by the Ottoman Empire has been fairly liberal in Romania. After being expelled by the Russians, the remaining Muslims in Romania belong to the Tartar and Turkish ethnicities.

There are no official Buddhist organizations in Romania.

Hinduism is represented by 0.3 percent of the population and mainly consists of people from the Hare Krishna denomination which have several temples in Romania.

Judaism is represented by 0.05 percent of the population, or just under 5000 people. It is estimated that this number has been more than 700,000 people before the second world war. At the end of the second world war, half of the Jewish population has been killed and more than 90 percent has migrated to Israel.

0.06 percent of the population adheres to other religions. These religions are represented by minority religions that are not recognized by the Romanian state. These religions are mainly pagan religions, adherence to the Baha'i faith as well as Jehovah witnesses.

Despite being under communist rule, with a large suppression on the expression of religion, irreligion is currently represented by 7 percent of the population.